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Norms and Necessity
Claims about what is metaphysically necessary or possible have long played a central role in metaphysics and other areas of philosophy.Such claims are traditionally thought of as aiming to describe a special kind of modal fact or property, or perhaps facts about other possible worlds.But that assumption leads to difficult ontological, epistemological, and methodological puzzles.Should we accept that there are modal facts or properties, or other possible worlds?If so, what could these things be? How could we come to know what the modal facts or properties are?How can we resolve philosophical debates about what is metaphysically necessary or possible?Norms and Necessity develops a new approach to understanding our claims about metaphysical possibility and necessity: Modal Normativism.The Normativist rejects the assumption that modal claims aim to describe modal features or possible worlds, arguing instead that they serve as useful ways of conveying, reasoning with, and renegotiating semantic rules and their consequences.By dropping the descriptivist assumption, the Normativist is able to unravel the notorious ontological problems of modality, and provide a clear and plausible story about how we can come to know what is metaphysically necessary or possible.Most importantly, this approach helps demystify philosophical methodology.It reveals that resolving metaphysical modal questions does not require a special form of philosophical insight or intuition.Instead, it requires nothing more mysterious than empirical knowledge, conceptual mastery, and an ability to explicitly convey and renegotiate semantic rules.
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Norms in Human Development
The distinction between norms and facts is long-standing in providing a challenge for psychology.Norms exist as directives, commands, rules, customs and ideals, playing a constitutive role in human action and thought.Norms lay down 'what has to be' (the necessary, possible or impossible) and 'what has to be done' (the obligatory, the permitted or the forbidden) and so go beyond the 'is' of causality.During two millennia, norms made an essential contribution to accounts of the mind, yet the twentieth century witnessed an abrupt change in the science of psychology where norms were typically either excluded altogether or reduced to causes.The central argument in this book is twofold. Firstly, the approach in twentieth-century psychology is flawed.Secondly, norms operating interdependently with causes can be investigated empirically and theoretically in cognition, culture and morality.Human development is a norm-laden process.
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General Theory of Norms
Hans Kelsen is considered by many to be one of the foremost legal thinkers of the twentieth century.He made important contributions to many areas, but especially to legal theory and international law.Over a number of decades, he developed an important legal theory which found its first complete exposition in Reine Rechtslehre, 1934 (presently being translated by Stanley Paulson for OUP) and its fullest expression in the second edition of Reine Rechtslehre, 1960.During the last decade of his life he was working on what he called a general theory of norms.When he died in 1973, he left a lengthy manuscript, which was published in 1979 as Allgemeine Theorie der Normen.This book is the translation - General Theory of Norms.It is thus the last work of one of the most important legal theorists this century.In it, Kelsen develops his `pure theory of law' into a `general theory of norms'.In so doing, he provides a new basis for some of the positions he espoused earlier on, but also revises some of his earlier positions.The most important new topic is that of the applicability of logic to norms: Kelsen develops an original and extreme position some people have called `normative irrationalism'. In the book, Kelsen also examines the views of over 200 philosophers and legal theorists on law, morality and logic, ranging from Plato and Aristotle to contemporary thinkers.
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New Age Norms 1
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What are the norms?
Norms are the accepted standards of behavior within a society or group that guide individuals on how to act in various situations. They are the unwritten rules that govern interactions and expectations among members of a community. Norms can vary across cultures and can be explicit or implicit, influencing everything from language and dress codes to social etiquette and values. Adhering to norms helps maintain social order and cohesion within a group.
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What do norms determine?
Norms determine the accepted behaviors, beliefs, and values within a particular group or society. They dictate how individuals should act, think, and interact with others in order to be considered as part of the group. Norms also influence social expectations and help maintain order and cohesion within a community. Additionally, they play a significant role in shaping cultural identity and defining what is considered as appropriate or inappropriate within a given context.
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What are behavioral norms?
Behavioral norms are the unwritten rules and expectations that govern how individuals should behave in a particular social group or culture. These norms dictate what is considered acceptable or unacceptable behavior within a given context, and they help to maintain social order and cohesion. Behavioral norms can encompass a wide range of behaviors, from manners and etiquette to more serious ethical and moral standards. They are learned through socialization and are reinforced through social interactions and feedback.
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Can norms make us unfree?
Yes, norms can make us unfree by imposing societal expectations and pressures that limit our ability to act freely. When we feel compelled to conform to certain norms, we may sacrifice our individuality and authenticity in order to fit in or avoid judgment. This can restrict our choices and inhibit our personal growth and self-expression. Additionally, norms that perpetuate discrimination or inequality can further constrain our freedom by limiting opportunities and perpetuating harmful stereotypes.
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New Age Norms 1
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Morality and Socially Constructed Norms
Observe social distancing. Tip your waiter. Give priority to the elderly. Stop at the red light. Pay your taxes. Do not chew with your mouth open. These are imperatives we face every day, imposed upon us by norms that happen to be generally accepted in our environment.Call these 'socially constructed norms'. A constant presence in our lives, these norms elicit mixed feelings.On the one hand, we treat them as valid standards of behaviour and respond to their violation with emotions such disapproval, resentment, and guilt.On the other hand, we look at them with suspicion: after all, they are arbitrary human constructs that may contribute to oppression and injustice.In light of this ambivalence, it is important to have a criterion telling us when, if ever, we are morally bound by socially constructed norms and when we should instead disregard them.Morality and Socially Constructed Norms systematically develops such a criterion.It traces the moral significance of those norms to the agential commitments that underpin them, and explains why those commitments ought to be respected, provided the content of the corresponding norms is consistent with independent moral constraints.The book then explores the implications of this view for three core questions in moral, legal, and political philosophy: the grounding of moral rights, the obligation to obey the law, and the wrong of sovereignty violations.Morality and Socially Constructed Norms shows how much progress can be made in normative theorizing when we give socially constructed norms their (moral) due.
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Good as Usual : Anti-Exceptionalist Essays on Values, Norms, and Action
Good as Usual argues that contemporary discussion on the nature of norms and values goes wrong by treating them as exceptional and mysterious, since they do not fit popular philosophical assumptions about metaphysics, epistemology, and the philosophy of language.Timothy Williamson shows that, once we throw out those preconceived and outdated ideas, we can understand moral and evaluative features of reality as similar to its other features, and capable of being known and described in similar ways.The result is a new and anti-reductionist form of moral and evaluative realism and cognitivism.Williamson applies the same approach to practical reasoning about what to do, criticizing the subjectivist assumptions of standard decision theory, showing how the desires as well as the beliefs on which we act can amount to knowledge, and how connections between the justification of belief and the justification of action can benefit epistemology.Light is cast on the nature of rationality by a sharp distinction between rational beliefs and rational believers.Subtle logical fallacies about permissibility, obligation, and reasons are shown to have confused our normative thinking.This volume brings together and expands all of the author's work on normativity and value; it can be understood as the application to practical philosophy of the approach to theoretical philosophy developed in earlier work.
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Humanistic Tourism : Values, Norms and Dignity
Human dignity has experienced limited attention in tourism studies.The interlinked dimensions of dignity in tourism urgently ask for broad avenues of future research, as tourism is both an information-intensive industry and an "experience good" resulting from the relationship and co-creation processes involving hosts and guests in different political, socio-economic, cultural, and environmental contexts.These contexts play a role in how an individual’s values, norms, and experiences may be experienced in tourism. This edited book is one of the first attempts to apply to tourism a humanistic management approach entailing a re-discovery of the value of human life, dignity, and awareness of the ethical dimensions of work.The book develops awareness of the contemporary relevance of the human dignity concept to interpret and manage the weaknesses of traditional approaches to tourism and cope with the challenges and new scenarios, including the current COVID-19 pandemic crisis.It presents ethical values and norms as both foundations and vehicles to dignify tourism stakeholders’ vision and mission (policy, strategies, and practices) as well as people/tourist beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.It grounds humanistic education as a pervasive mechanism to innovate tourism management contents and practices by offering to different targets new educational and training formats or framing differently traditional ones.Presenting both a critical and a positive approach to tourism management, the diversity of disciplinary approaches, case studies, and examples makes the book attractive to a variety of readers including tourism scholars, researchers, practitioners, and postgraduate students of management and organization disciplines.
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What are values and norms?
Values are beliefs or principles that guide our behavior and decision-making, representing what is important to us. Norms, on the other hand, are societal rules or expectations that dictate how individuals should behave in a given situation. While values are more personal and individualistic, norms are shared by a group or society and help maintain social order and cohesion. Both values and norms play a crucial role in shaping our interactions with others and our overall worldview.
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What are norms and values?
Norms are societal expectations or rules that dictate appropriate behavior in a given situation. They are the unwritten guidelines that govern how individuals should act in various social contexts. Values, on the other hand, are the beliefs and principles that are important to an individual or a society. They serve as a guiding force in decision-making and help determine what is considered right or wrong. Together, norms and values shape the culture of a society and influence the behavior of its members.
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What are implicit, unspoken norms?
Implicit, unspoken norms are the unwritten rules and expectations that govern behavior within a particular social group or culture. These norms are not explicitly stated or communicated, but are understood and followed by members of the group through observation and socialization. They can include things like personal space, appropriate dress, and communication styles, and can vary widely across different cultures and social contexts. Implicit norms can be powerful influences on behavior, as individuals may feel pressure to conform to these expectations even without being explicitly told what they are.
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What are truth, values, and norms?
Truth refers to the state of being in accordance with fact or reality. It is the quality of being true or accurate. Values are principles or standards of behavior that are considered important or desirable. They guide an individual or a group in making decisions and determining what is right or wrong. Norms are the rules or expectations that govern the behavior of individuals within a particular society or group. They are the standards of behavior that are considered typical or appropriate within a given context.
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